ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS PAGE
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................
2
1-ADJECTIVES
............................................................................................................... 2
1-1 ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................
2
1-2 THE ORDER OF THE ADJECTIVES ..................................................................
4
1-3
PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS
ADJECTIVES ................................
5
2-ADVERBS
........................................................................................................................8
2-1 FORMING ADVERBS
WITH -LY .................................................................... 9
2-2 USE OF ADVERBS ............................................................................................
9
2-3 IRREGULAR ADVERBS ..................................................................................
10
2-4 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE ..................................................
14
2-5 ADVERBS OF DEGREE ...................................................................................
14
2-6 SENTENCE ADVERBS ....................................................................................
22
2-7 FOCUSING ADVERBS ...................................................................................... 23
3-ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES ..............................................................
24
3-1 TOO AND
ENOUGH ..........................................................................................
24
3-2 SO ...... THAT/SUCH .... THAT ..........................................................................
25
3-3 COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ........................28
3-4 COMPARISON WITH AS .... AS/THE SAME .... AS/DIFFERENT FROM...... 35
3-5 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS .........................
40
3-6 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS ............................................................................................
43
EXAMPLES
FROM ÖYS/YDS
......................................................................................... 46
TEST YOURSELF 1 .......................................................................................................... 49
TEST YOURSELF 2
.......................................................................................................... 51
TEST YOUR VOCABULARY
........................................................................................... 62
ADJECTIVES
and ADVERBS
INTRODUCTION
Bir ismi tanımlayan
sözcüğe sıfat (adjective) denir:
a pretty
girl, rainy weather, hardworking students, a difficult question, etc.
Zarf (adverB) ise öncelikle bir fiili tanımlayan
sözcüktür: speak fluently,
walk slowly, cook well, play badly, etc.
Bir zarf bir sıfatı ya da
başka bir zarfı da niteleyebilir: very hot weather, an extremely difficult question, very
fluently, unusually quickly,
etc.
Zarflar genellikle sıfatın
sonuna "-ly" ekinin
getirilmesiyle oluşur: serious/seriously, bad/badly,
extreme/extremely, etc. Ancak, sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcükler de vardır: fast, hard, late, early,
etc.
Sonu "-ly" ile biten her sözcük zarf
olmayabilir. Friendly, lovely, elderly gibi sözcükler, sonu
"-ly" ile bittiği halde
sıfattır: an elderly woman, a lovely day, a friendly
voice, etc.
Sıfat ve zarfın cümle
içindeki görevi, kullanımları ve çeşitli sıfat ve zarf yapılan, bu sayımızın
konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Şimdi bunları inceleyelim.
l- ADJECTIVES
1-1 Sıfat, bir sıfat
tamlamasında (adjective + a noun), ismin önünde yer alır ve
sayılabilir tekil isimlerle tamlamanın başında a/an kullanılır. Eğer sıfat sayılamayan bir ismi (water, weather, work, etc.) ya da sayılabilir çoğul bir ismi (days, girls, students, etc.) tanımlıyorsa a/an kullanılmaz.
He is a good cook.
She has a round face.
This is hard work.
I don't like to swim in cold
water.
Those are nice shoes.
Our neighbours are really friendly
people.
Sıfatlar yaygın olarak be, become ve get fiilleri
ile kullanılır. Seem,
appear, look, feel, taste,
smell ve sound gibi duyu fiilleriyle de
sıfat kullanılır. Çünkü bu fiiller bir eylem bildirmezler. Bir nesnenin
durumunu ifade etmemizi sağlarlar.
be+adjective:
She was rather plump last year, but now she is slim.
The wages are rather low.
become/get+adjective:
She got/became happy when she
learnt that she had passed the exam.
I'll get/become angry if she
doesn't invite me.
seem/appear/look+adjective:
You look/seem/appear tired. Did you work hard in the office?
She looks/seems/appears pale.
Is something wrong with her?
Seem
ve appear'dan sonra to be + adjective de kullanabiliriz. Look'dan sonra to + infinitive gelmez.
Don't try to speak to her. She seems/appears
to be angry.
He seemed/appeared to be ill.
feel + adjective:
I felt sad when I got the bad
news.
Do you still feel tired? (=Are you still tired?)
taste + adjective:
The dinner tasted delicious.
(=The dinner was delicious.)
This soup tastes awful.
(=This soup is awful.)
smell + adjective:
The room smells awful. (= There is an awful smell in
the room.)
The rose smells nice. (= The rose has a nice smell.)
sound + adjective:
Gördüğümüz bir durumu
ifade ederken look/seem/appear kullanılır.
Duyduğumuz bir durumu ifade ederken ise sound kullanılır.
The music sounds a bit loud.
I talked to her on the phone. She sounded
ill.
The teacher in the next classroom sounds
rather angry.
Look, feel, taste, smell ve sound, "like" ile birlikte kullanılırsa, devamında bir
isim gelir.
Look like + a noun
(resemble), benzemek
anlamındadır.
She looks like (resembles)
her mother.
That man looks like a
plainclothes detective.
Feel like + a noun, "— gibi hissetmek, — gibi
durmak" anlamını verir.
She still feels like a child.
(Kendini hala
bir çocuk gibi hissediyor.)
This material feels like
wool. (Bu
kumaş yün gibi duruyor.)
Taste like + a noun, "tadı — ya benziyor"
anlamındadır.
I didn't like the wine at the feast. It tasted like vinegar.
This coffee tastes like hot water. Did you forget to put
coffee in it?
Smell like + a noun, "— gibi kokuyor" anlamındadır.
I didn't like the smell of the perfume. It smelt like soap.
Sound like + a noun, "(kulağA) — gibi geliyor" anlamını verir.
We heard a loud noise in the middle of the night. It sounded like a car crash.
Look, taste ve smell eylem bildiriyorsa zarf kullanılır.
She looked angry.
("angry", "She"yi tanımlıyor.)
She looked at me angrily.
("angrily", "looked" fiilini tanımlıyor.)
The soup tasted delicious.
("delicious", "The soup" ismini tanımlıyor.)
She tasted the soup suspiciously.
("suspiciously", "taste" eyleminin nasıl yapıldığını ifade ediyor.)
The flowers smelt wonderful.
("wonderful", "the flowers" ismini tanımlıyor.)
She smelt the flowers happily,
("happily", "smell" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
Turn (turn out) ve grow fiillerinden sonra bir
nesnenin durumundaki değişikliği ifade etmek için sıfat kullanabiliriz.
Her hair has turned grey now. (has become grey)
The day started sunny, but later it turned
out wet.
Everybody had considered her to be guilty, but she turned out (to be) innocent. (proved innocent)
We began to walk home when it grew dark. (became/got dark)
My father grows angry if I go home late. (gets/becomes angry)
Turn ve grow
fiilleri eylem
bildiriyorsa, zarf kullanılır.
Children grow quickly.
The car turned round the corner fast.
She turned the pages of the book quickly,
looking for some information.
Keep ve remain
fiilleri de, bir nesnenin
durumunu ifade ederken sıfatlarla kullanılabilen fiillerdir.
Although I shouted at her, she remained silent.
Nothing remains unchanged.
Although things were going badly, he kept calm.
Keep quiet, please. I can't concentrate on my work.
1-2 THE ORDER OF THE ADJECTIVES
Bazen
bir ismi birden fazla sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz. Bu durumda sıfatlan belli bir
düzene göre sıralamamız gerekir. Bu konuda çeşitli kullanımlar bulunmasına
rağmen, dilde yerleşmiş biçimiyle en yaygın kullanılan dizim şöyledir:
A) size (big, large, small, tall, short, long, etc.)
B) age (young, old, etc.)
C) shape (round, square, fat, slim, etc.)
D) colour (white, black, green, etc.)
E) material (plastic, cotton, wooden, woollen, etc.)
f) origin (French, Russian, Turkish, etc.)
a small round table
a new woollen sweater
an old wooden house
an expensive Swiss watch
a tall thin man
a tall young man
Eğer
bu sıfatların dışında, beautiful, nice, lovely,
fine gibi
duygulanırım ifade eden sıfatlar varsa, bunlar sıralamanın en başında yer alır.
a lovely small wooden house
a nice old Turkish song
a clever little boy
an intelligent young Russian scientist
Pretty, bir başka sıfatın önünde yer alıyorsa ve
aralarında virgül yoksa. "çok, oldukça" (quite, very) anlamına gelir.
Their daughter is a pretty tall girl, (quite/very tall girl)
Eğer
pretty "hoş, güzel" anlamındaysa iki sıfat arasında virgül kullanılır.
Their daughter is a pretty, tall girl/a tall, pretty girl.
Sıfatların bu dizimi, bir
sıfat tamlaması içerisinde önemlidir. Eğer sıfatlan, tanımladıkları isimden
sonra kullanıyorsak, bu sıra o kadar önemli değildir ve iki sıfat arasında "and"
kullanmak gerekir.
İstanbul is big and noisy.
İstanbul is big, noisy and crowded.
She is tall and thin.
Their son is clever and obedient.
Eğer bu sıfatlar, aynı
nesnenin birbiriyle çelişen yönlerini tanımlıyorlarsa, arada "but"
kullanmamız gerekir.
İstanbul is nice but polluted.
Their son is clever but disobedient.
She is very pretty but a little
short.
1-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
Present ve past participle, bir fiil kökünden
türeyip cümle içinde sıfat görevinde bulunan
sözcüklerdir: running
water, an exciting story, stolen money, baked
potato, etc.
Present
participle, fiil köküne "-ing" takısının eklenmesiyle oluşturulur: developing countries,
an increasing
demand, a tiring job, a moving car,
etc.
Past participle, düzenli fiillere "-ed" eklenerek, düzensiz fiillerin
ise üçüncü halini kullanarak
eide edilir: a damaged car, excited children,
grilled chops, an unseen hand, a half-eaten
apple,
the recently found solution, etc.
A) Bir ismin "-ing" li bir
sıfatla mı yoksa "-ed" li
bir sıfatla mı tanımlanacağı öncelikle o ismin etkileyen (activE)
ya da etkilenen (passivE) taraf
olmasına bağlıdır. Eğer tanımladığımız isim, o eylemin olmasına neden oluyorsa
yani etkiliyorsa, o ismi "-ing"
li bir sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz. Eğer tanımladığımız isim o eylemden
etkileniyorsa, onu "-ed"
li bir sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz.
His job bores him. ("bore" cümlenin yüklemidir.)
His job is boring. ("sıkma" eylemine neden olan, yani
etkileyen taraf "his job"dur.)
Onun işi sıkıcıdır.
He is bored with his job. ("bored" "he" yi yani "sıkma"
eyleminden etkilenen tarafı tanımlıyor.)
O işinden sıkılıyor.
Science-fiction films interest her a lot.
She finds science-fiction films interesting.
She is interested in science-fiction films.
The explanation confused her.
The explanation was confusing.
She was confused by the
explanation.
Her attitude astonished us.
Her attitude was astonishing.
We were astonished by her attitude.
Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan
sıfatlar şunlardır:
Verb Present Participle Past Participle
admire admiring admired
amaze amazing amazed
amuse amusing amused
annoy annoying annoyed
astonish astonishing astonished
bewilder bewildering bewildered
bore boring
bored
charm charming charmed
confuse confusing
confused
depress depressing depressed
disappoint disappointing disappointed
discourage discouraging discouraged
disgust disgusting
disgusted
embarrass embarrassing embarrassed
encourage encouraging
encouraged
excite exciting
excited
exhaust exhausting exhausted
fascinate fascinating
fascinated
frighten frightening frightened
frustrate frustrating
frustrated
horrify horrifying
horrified
interest interesting
interested
irritate irritating irritated
please pleasing pleased
satisfy satisfying satisfied
shock shocking shocked
startle startling startled
stimulate stimulating stimulated
surprise surprising surprised
terrify terrifying
terrified
tire (out) tiring tired
thrill thrilling
thrilled
worry worrying worried
B) Bir ismin, "-ing" li ya da "-ed" li bir sıfatla tanımlanması eylemin, devam
etmekte olan bir eylem mi yoksa tamamlanmış bir eylem mi olduğuna da bağlıdır.
Türkiye gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındadır.
The U.S.A. England and
Amerika, İngiltere ve
Almanya gelişmiş ülkeler
arasındadır.
I need some boiled water to
make coffee.
Kahve yapmak için kaynamış suya ihtiyacım var.
You should put macaroni into boiling
water.
Makarnayı kaynayan (kaynamakta olan) suya
atmalısın.
The plumber will come tomorrow to repair the leaking pipe. He will also repair the dripping tap in the kitchen. (sızıntı yapan boru, damlatan musluk)
You should rinse the dishes thoroughly in running water. (...akan su)
My cousin played for the winning team. (....
kazanan takım)
"-ing" li ve
"-ed" 1i sıfatların en
yaygın kullanımı active-passive noktasında yoğunlaşır.
The hurricane damaged a large area.
Because of the damaging hurricane,
a lot of people are homeless now. (hasara neden olan "hurricane",
active)
Many people will have to live in tents until the damaged houses are repaired. (hasar gören "the
houses", passivE)
They stole a large sum of money from the bank last week, and the stolen money hasn't been found yet (çalınan para...)
She broke her leg in the accident, and the broken leg is in plaster now. (kırık bacak...)
Last night, the storm blew down several trees, and the road is blocked
now by the fallen trees. (yıkılmış ağaçlar.)
I very much like to watch the falling
snowflakes. (düşen
kar taneleri)
EXERCISE l :
Choose the correct one.
1-
Although her elbow has
healed completely, she still finds the result of this injury quite ............... as she can't move her arm to reach things.
A) irritating B) irritated
2-
I think 'Silence of the
Lambs' is the most ......... film I have ever seen.
A) frightening B) frightened
3-
In the burnt-out remains
of the town, the soldier found a ......... little
girl crouched in a doorway.
A) frightening B) frightened
4-
Everyone thinks that it is
......... that a bomb has exploded after all the peace talks and negotiations.
A) shocking B) shocked
5-
The offer of an extra ten
percent commission on sales up to the end of the month is ......... for the staff.
A) motivated B) motivating
6-
We were already .......... but we had only reached the halfway point of the valley.
A) exhausting B) exhausted
7-
We thought a peaceful
settlement had been reached and were ......... when
we heard reports of new violence.
A) shocked B) shocking
8-
Even the Sales Director
seemed .........
by the concert, which was performed by members of the
staff.
A) amusing B) amused
9-
When she opened her
present, she looked really ......... with it.
A) pleasing B) pleased
10-
Dr Finley's daughter
really is a .........
girl, isn't she?
A) charming B) charmed
11- The
best tiling about Bill Bryson's books is that he looks at American life in such
an ......... way.
A) amused B) amusing
12- Corned
beef and mashed potato makes quite a filling and ......... meal.
A) satisfied B) satisfying
13- I had
to take strategic marketing as part of my degree, but I found it an extremely ............ subject.
A) boring B) bored
14- I'm
glad that you woke me up. I was in the middle of a ......... nightmare.
A) terrified B) terrifying.
15- Maria's
presentations are usually both professional and ......... .
A) stimulating B) stimulated
16- The
food at the hotel was awful and the rooms were filthy. In fact, we were
with the whole experience.
A) disgusted B) disgusting
17- The
result of the match was .........
for our team.
A) disappointed B) disappointing
18- He
looked ......... by the
new surroundings of his foster home.
A) bewildered B) bewildering
19- People
who push into queues are very ..........
A) annoying B) annoyed
20- She was
......... when
someone pushed :n front of her in the queue.
A) annoying B) annoyed
2- ADVERBS
Genel olarak zarflar kendi aralarında
çeşitli gruplara ayrılırlar. Bu grupları şöyle sıralayabiliriz.
A) Manner : slowly, gently,
carefully, frankly, bravely, etc.
B) Place : here, there, up, down, near,
etc.
C) Time : now, yesterday,
tomorrow, still, yet, etc.
D) Frequency : always,
never, frequently, once, twice, etc.
E) Sentence : actually,
really, evidently, obviously, definitely, etc.
f) Degree : very,
quite, rather, fairly, hardly, scarcely, etc.
g) Focusing : just, only, simply, even,
also, etc.
Bu bölümde daha çok üzerinde duracağımız
zarflar, durum bildiren (adverbs of manner), derece bildiren (adverbs
of degreE), cümleyi niteleyen (sentence
adverbs) ve vurgulama
yapan (focusing adverbs) zarflardır.
2-1 FORMING ADVERBS WITH - LY
Pek
çok durum ve
derece zarfı, sıfatın sonuna "-ly"
eklenmesiyle oluşur.
cold - coldly whole - wholly heavy - heavily
quick - quickly true - truly happy - happily
wise - wisely full - fully shy - shyly
I don't know why, but she spoke to me coldly.
You should treat people gently.
We had to eat our lunch quickly.
This morning, I left home hurriedly.
Bazı sıfatların sonu -ly ile biter:
cowardly, friendly, likely, lovely, elderly, lively, lonely, silly, ugly. Bu sözcükleri tek başıma
zarf olarak kullanamayız. Eğer, bunlardan birini zarf görevinde kullanmamız
gerekiyorsa, in
a lovely voice, in a friendly manner, in a cowardly way gibi bir phrase (sözcük grubu) kullanabiliriz.
He is a cowardly person. (adjectivE)
He acted in a cowardly
way. (adverbial phrasE)
İkinci cümledeki "cowardly", "way" sözcüğünü tanımladığı için yine bir
sıfattır. Ancak "in a cowardly way" bir bütün olarak "act" eylemini tanımladığı için
bir zarftır.
Our neighbours are very friendly
people, (adjectivE)
Our neighbours welcomed us in a
friendly way. (adverbial phrasE)
She has a lovely voice,
(adjectivE)
She spoke to me in a lovely voice.
(adverbial phrasE)
2-2 USE OF ADVERBS
Zarflar, önceltkle, bir
eylemin nasıl yapıldığını ifade eden sözcüklerdir. Yani, yükleme
"How?"
sorusunu
sorduğumuzda yanıt alabileceğimiz sözcüklerdir.
He is a careful driver. (adjectivE) She is a successful singer.
He drives the car carefully. She sings successfully.
("How does he drive?"
"Carefully.")
Her action was deliberate. Their
visit was unexpected.
She acted deliberately. They
came unexpectedly.
Zarflar, bir sıfatın
ya da bir başka zarfın derecesini arttırmak ya da azaltmak için de
kullanılırlar.
Adverb + adjective:
It is cold
today. Her
mother is ill.
It is extremely
cold today. Her mother is seriously ill.
The street was quiet
yesterday.
The street was unusually quiet yesterday.
Adverb + adverb:
He drove the car carelessly. She
did her homework quickly.
He drove the car unbelievably carelessly. She
did her homework incredibly quickly.
At the party last night, he behaved foolishly.
At the party last night, he behaved terribly
foolishly.
Preposition + a noun yapısını kullanarak bazı zarfların
taşıdığı anlamı ifade edebiliriz.
She left home in a hurry/hurriedly. I
broke your window by accident/accidentally.
He drove the car with great care/very carefully. She
looked at me with sorrow/sorrowfully.
2-3
IRREGULAR ADVERBS
A) Good / well: Good bir sıfattır ve zarf biçimi well’ dir.
My mother is a good cook. She cooks well.
Her English is very good. She speaks English well.
Well, birinin "sağlığı iyi" anlamında
kullanılıyorsa bir sıfattır. "How are you?" sorusuna "I'm very
good." biçiminde
yanıt veremeyiz. Çünkü bu yanıt. "Ben çok iyi biriyim." anlamına
gelir. Oysa "How .......?" sorusu, insanlara ilişkin sorulduğunda, kişinin
sağlığı hakkında bilgi ister.
How are
you today? - I'm
very well, thanks.
Eğer bir insanın nasıl biri olduğunu
sormak istersek "What is he like?" sorusunu sorarız ve bu soruya yanıt
verirken good sözünü kullanabiliriz.
- What
is your new boss like? - I think he is a good person.
- What
is your father like? - He is a good father.
Bir nesnenin nasıl olduğunu sorarken "How
is it?" ya da "What is it like?" sorularını kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu
sorulara yanıt verirken "iyi" demek istiyorsak good sözünü kullanmalıyız. (Well, sadece canlıların sağlık durumunu ifade ederken sıfat
olarak kullanılır.)
- What
is your new job like?/ How is your new job?
- I'm
not sure yet, but I think it is good.
- How
is your new house?
- Oh,
it is very good.
Well, past participle ile çok sık kullanılan bir zarftır: well-known,
well-organized, well-dressed, well-educated, etc.
Everybody at the party last night was very well-dressed.
Haven't you heard of him? He is quite a well-known author.
Past participle ile badly'yi
de kullanabiliriz.
Everything went wrong on our holiday. It was badly-planned. The
car was not worth repairing. It was badly-damaged.
B) Fast, hard, late ve
early, sıfat ve zarf
biçimi aynı olan sözcüklerdir.
He is
a fast runner. (adj.)
He is a hard
worker, (adj.)
He runs fast. (adv.) He
works hard. (adv.)
She travels to work on an early train.
(adj.) I'll go on a late train
(adj.)
The train came early. (adv.) I arrived home late.
(adv.)
"Geç" anlamındaki late ile lately birbirinden
farklı sözcüklerdir. Lately, recently
ile aynı anlamdadır ve
"son zamanlarda, son
günlerde" demektir.
- Have you been to the cinema lately / recently?
- I haven't done any shopping lately /recently.
Hard, "çok, yoğun" anlamındaysa sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynıdır. Hard sıfat olarak "zor" anlamında da kullanılır.
The exam was very hard.
(=very difficult)
This is hard work. I can't do
it. (adj.)
Although I worked hard, I
couldn't finish the work. (adv.)
C) Hardly: Hardly, "hard" ın zarf biçimi değildir. Başka bir anlama
sahip bir zarftır.
Hardly = almost not
Hardly'nin
bir anlamı "hemen hemen
hiç, neredeyse hiç" demektir.
Olumlu cümle yapısıyla kullanılır. Ancak anlamı olumsuzdur.
I can't tell you much about her, because I hardly know her. (= I almost don't know her. = I know her very little. = Onu neredeyse hiç
tanımıyorum. = Onu çok az tanıyorum.)
I didn't feel good yesterday, so I hardly studied. (= I studied very little.)
Hardly = only with great difficulty
Hardly'nin bir anlamı da "güçlükle" demektir. Bu anlamda hardly, can ve could ile çok sık kullanılır.
Her voice is very soft. I can hardly
hear her. (I can hear her only with great difficulty = Onu güçlükle
duyabiliyorum.)
I had a terrible headache yesterday. I could hardly listen to the lesson. (I could only listen to the lesson
with great difficulty = Dersi güçlükle dinleyebildim.)
Hardly ever = almost never
Hardly ever, sıklık bildiren bir zarf olarak "hemen hemen hiç, çok
seyrek" anlamında kullanılır.
He doesn't like reading. He hardly
ever / almost never reads
a book.
Hemen hemen hiç kitap
okumaz.
I can hardly ever / almost never
watch TV these days.
Bugünlerde neredeyse hiç
televizyon izleyemiyorum.
Hardly any = almost no, very little
Hardly any, miktar belirtirken kullanılır. Bu anlamda hardly, cümle içinde iki yerde kullanılabilir.
I hardly have any money./ I have hardly any money.
(I have almost no money = Neredeyse hiç param yok.
/ Çok az param var.)
She feels lonely. She hardly
has any friends. /She has hardly any
friends.
(She has almost no / very few friends = Hemen hemen hiç arkadaşı
yok.)
Hardly'yi anyone, anything,
anywhere gibi
sözcüklerle de kullanabiliriz.
I hardly bought anything. /I bought hardly anything.
(I bought almost nothing.)
I hardly knew anyone at the party. /I knew hardly anyone at the party.
(I knew almost no one at the
party.)
I can hardly go anywhere these days. /I can go hardly anywhere these days.
(I can go almost nowhere
these days.)
EXERCISE 2 : Choose the
correct answer in parentheses.
1-
It was a (significant/significantly)
breakthrough in scientific understanding, but the actual discovery was
(accidental/accidentally).
2-
When you're jogging, it
helps to breath (deep/deeply) and (even/evenly).
3-
We thought we were going
to miss the meal (complete/completely), but we were just a few minutes (late/lately).
4-
You have been looking
very (worried/worriedly) (late/lately). Is everything all right?
5-
It was so (late/lately) when we arrived that we (hard/hardly)
saw any of the attractions.
6-
(Normal/Normally) they charge £19.99 for these, but I bought them for £9.99, which I think is a very (reasonable/reasonably) price.
7-
All our products are (meticulous/meticulously)
checked by our quality control stall to ensure they meet all the (current/currently)
standards.
8-
I wait until I go to the
open market to buy fish because you can buy it quite (cheap/cheaply) there.
9-
Tell the doctor that he
has to come (immediate/immediately) as the patient's condition is very (serious/seriously).
10-
I don't think the special
effects in 'Star Wars' are as (good/ well) as the ones in 'Star Trek'.
11-
Jason communicates (good/well)
with the customers, but he isn't very (good/well) at keeping
records.
12-
I am going shopping with
a (good/well) friend this afternoon, so I have (quick/quickly) dusted
the house and will clean everywhere (proper/properly)
tomorrow.
13-
I find driving long distances (extreme/extremely)
(tired/tiring).
14-
I like our local
dry-cleaner's because their service is (efficient/efficiently). Items
are (normal/normally) ready for collection the following day.
15-
I can ski (proficient
/proficiently), but Jean is an (absolute/ absolutely) beginner.
16-
We were so (confident/confidently)
before the tournament that I was crushed when we lost the first game so (decisive/decisively),
and the coach was (similar/similarly) disappointed.
17-
We are (near/nearly) at
18-
We worked so (hard/hardly)
picking strawberries that we couldn't stand up straight by the end of the
day, but we (hard/hardly) earned any
money at all.
19-
Malcolm is a (high/highly)
regarded member of the community who is (general/generally) considered
honest and trustworthy.
20-
The rate of inflation is
too (high/highly) at the moment, which is (serious/seriously)
affecting the stability of the economy.
21- We won't make (huge/hugely) profits this year. In
fact, we will (scarce/scarcely) cover our costs.
22-
It's been (incredible/incredibly)(quiet/quietly)
in the shopping centre today, which was not (normal/normally), because it is (usual/usually) very (busy/busily) on
Fridays.
23-
The injection was (painful/painfully), but she recovered from it (quick/quickly).
24-
Black cumin oil is a (traditional/
traditionally) remedy for both (serious/seriously) and minor
illnesses.
25-
The (terrible/terribly)
behaviour of his elder brother had a (profound/profoundly) (bad/badly) influence
on him.
26-
Thomas is known to be (confident/confidently),
but at the moment, he is waiting (anxious/anxiously) for an interview.
27-
All of our products are (careful/carefully)
constructed from (natural/naturally) materials.
28-
She speaks French so (fluent/fluently)
and (natural/naturally) that she could be mistaken for a French
woman.
29-
During the meeting, we
kept (strict/strictly) to the schedule, so we finished (comfortable/comfortably)
in the time available.
30-
After suffering a (serious/seriously) illness, I had to go on a
(special/specially) diet.
31-
They achieved (good/well)
results, especially considering that the project was (inadequate/inadequately) funded.
32-
He was (extreme/extremely) (angry/angrily) because he felt that he had been (harsh/harshly) treated by the
boss.
33-
She (mistaken/mistakenly)
thought she had won a valuable prize, but she had only won an (extreme/extremely)
(cheap/cheaply) watch.
34-
Unlike in
35-
The dock workers in
36-
Simon behaved (atrocious/atrociously) at Katherine's business
reception. He insulted several of the (important/importantly) guests.
37-
I don't exercise (regular/regularly)
any more, but (occasional/occasionally), we go for a (strenuous/strenuously) walk in the mountains.
38-
He is an (international/internationally)
renowned referee, but on this occasion, he made a (total/totally)
(erroneous/erroneously) decision at a (critical/critically) point in
the match.
39-
If you can wind this
bandage (tight/ tightly) around his leg to try and stop it bleeding so (quick/quickly).
I'll run and get some help.
40-
I've put on a lot of
weight and my jeans are too (tight/tightly) now, so I will have to
either go on a (strict/strictly) diet or buy some (new/newly) trousers.
41-
Bjöm Borg's tennis game was
suited to clay courts, but he was (surprising/surprisingly) (successful/successfully) in
the competitions on grass courts.
42-
One (surprising/surprisingly) result of the preliminary
rounds was that the Slovenian team (successful/successfully) qualified
to play in the tournament.
43-
On the day he had a (nasty/nastily) argument with his boss, he walked out
(angry/angrily) and never returned.
44- A few (violent/violently) people spoilt the enjoyment of the
(good/well)-behaved majority.
45- When my neighbours replaced their living-room carpet, they (kind/kindly)
offered to give me the old one, which was a really (nice/nicely) gesture.
2-4 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE
Durum bildiren
zarflar, yüklemden sonra gelir. Eğer yüklemin nesnesi varsa, /,arl nesneden
sonra yer alır.
She spoke quietly. She read
the book carefully.
He waited hopefully. She left
the country secretly.
Verb + preposition + object durumunda
zarf, iki yerde bulunabilir.
She listened to me carefully./ She listened carefully
to me.
Eğer nesne birden fazla
sözcükten oluşuyorsa, zarf preposition'dan önce ya da yüklemden önce
kullanılır.
She listened carefully to the delegates from various countries.
She carefully
listened to the delegates from various countries.
Yan cümlesi clan ya
da gerund - infinitive bulunan cümlelerde, zarfın
hangi eylemi nitelediğine dikkat etmek gerekir.
I tried hard to make her study. ("hard", "try" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
I tried to make her study hard. ("hard", "study"yi tanımlıyor.)
I know
very well that she can knit.
("very well", "know" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
I know that she can knit very well. ("very well",
"knit" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
2-5 ADVERBS OF
DEGREE
Derece bildiren zarflar,
bir fiili, sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlayabilirler. Bu zarfların görevi,
tanımladığı fiilin, sıfatın ya da zarfın sahip olduğu değeri azaltmak ya da
çoğaltmaktır.
I really enjoyed
the meal. I find
archeology quite interesting.
This book is rather boring. He barely avoided hitting the child.
The questions on the test were extremely
difficult. He was driving very fast.
Commonly used Adverbs of Degree
a) absolutely, completely, entirely, fully, thoroughly, perfectly,
totally, decidedly, certainly, positively, really, deeply, enormously,
greatly, highly, utterly, extremely, exceedingly, excessively,
tremendously, increasingly, awfully, badly, terribly, pretty, bitterly,
incredibly, unbelievably, surprisingly, intensely, strongly,
extraordinarily, exceptionally, reasonably, remarkably, considerably,
comparatively, relatively, seriously, slightly, significantly, unusually, etc b)
too, enough, very,
just, well indeed, for, much, a lot, lots, so, quite, rather, fairly, a
bit, a little barely, hardly, little, scarcely
almost, nearly, practically, virtually
A) Sonu -ly ile biten pek çok zarf,
derecelendirme yapmak için kullanılabilir.
He won the football pools again. He is incredibly lucky.
Everything is surprisingly
cheap at this market.
I was deeply hurt by his remarks.
Some of our traditions are utterly
peculiar to foreigners.
I greatly appreciate your helping me.
I certainly don't want to
come with you.
The bike is becoming increasingly
popular in
Everybody was very elegant at
the party, but she was exceptionally
elegant.
The children are behaving unusually
well today.
The students are remarkably
quiet today.
I haven't fully understood
what you meant.
It's bitterly cold outside.
Bu grupta awfully,
terribly ve badly "very, very
much" anlamında
kullanılır.
I'm terribly sorry. (= very sorry)
He was awfully/terribly upset
by the news.
Badly, want ve need fiilleriyle çok sık kullanılır.
I badly need a holiday for a
few days.
She badly wants to have her
own car.
I need some money badly. (or
I badly need some money.)
Pretty, bu kullanımıyla rather, almost ile aynı anlamdadır ve "oldukça" demektir.
We had a camping holiday, and it was pretty tiring.
They are working pretty hard
these days.
B) Too,
enough, very, very much and much
Too, bir sıfatı ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.
It's too hot today.
(too+adj.)
You are eating too quickly.
(too+adv.)
Too bir fiili tek başına asla niteleyemez.
Ancak too much biçiminde kullanılırsa, fiili
niteleyebiliriz.
You are working too much.
He smokes too much.
Too bir ismi nitelerken, ismin sayılabilir ya
da sayılamaz olduğunu dikkate almalıyız. Sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle too many/too few, sayılamaz isimlerle ise too much/too little kullanabiliriz.
I can't talk to you now. I have too
little time.
I don't want to drive now. There is too
much traffic at this hour.
She has too few friends, so
she feels lonely.
Too, başka zarflarla nitelenebilir. Bu zarflar şunlardır; far, rather, much, a bit, a little.
This skirt is a little too big
for me.
This house is much too large
for only two people.
It's rather too dreary today
to go out.
There were far too many people
at the party.
Enough, bir sıfatı, zarfı, fiili ve ismi
niteleyebilir. Enough, sıfat ve zarftan sonra, isimden önce gelir.
This rope isn't strong enough.
(adj + enough)
I drove carefully enough. (adv. + enough)
We can go out for dinner, I have enough money. (enough + uncountable
noun)
We can’t invite so many people. We
don’t have enough chairs. (enough + countable
plural noun)
Stop working now. You have worked
enough for today, (verb + enough)
Very, bir sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlayabilir.
Everything is very expensive
these days. (very + adj.)
Slow down, please. You are driving very
fast. (very +
adv.)
Very bir fiili tanımlarken very much biçiminde kullanılır.
I like
swimming very much./I very much like swimming.
Much ve very
much, appreciate, admire, regret, care, mind,
enjoy, like, dislike, hope, fear gibi derecesini ifade edebileceğimiz fiillerle kullanılır.
Much daha çok olumsuz cümlece ve soruda
kullanılır. Olumlu cümlede kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır.
I don't like football much.
He used to drink a lot but he doesn't drink much nowadays.
She doesn't much care to be in crowded places.
I much regret
my foolish remarks.
I much appreciate what you have done.
Very
much daha çok olumlu
cümlede kullanılır ve normalde yeri fiilden; varsa, nesneden sonradır. Ancak,
fiilden önce de gelebilir.
I very much enjoy being with
friends./I enjoy being with friends very much.
She very much wants to buy a car./She wants to buy a car very
much.
Very
much olumsuz cümlede
kullanıldığında cümlenin sonunda yer alması tercih edilir.
I don't
like football very much.
I don't approve of her course of conduct very much.
Barely,
hardly, little, scarcely
Bu zarflar daima olumlu cümlede
kullanılırlar ancak cümleye verdikleri anlam olumsuzdur.
Most of the people at the reception were strangers to me.
I barely/hardly/scarcely knew anybody there. (I knew very few people there.)
Hemen hemen hiç kimseyi/neredeyse hiç kimseyi tanımıyordum.
He barely/hardly/scarcely avoided the accident. (but he did.)
Kazayı güçlükle/güç bela
önleyebildi.
Little,
think, imagine, expect, realise gibi düşünmeye ilişkin fiilleri niteleyebilir.
I little know what he has
been doing since he left.
I little expect him to pass the exam.
Almost,
nearly, practically, virtually
Bu zarflar, "hemen hemen,
neredeyse" anlamındadır. Niteledikleri fiilin önünde yer alırlar.
I almost/nearly /practically hit the child. (But I didn't.)
Çocuğa neredeyse
çarpıyordum.
She almost/nearly/practically dropped
the tray. (But she didn't)
Tepsiyi neredeyse
düşürüyordu.
The questions on the test were really difficult.
I almost/nearly/practically/virtually did nothing. (But I did something.)
Neredeyse/hemen hemen
hiçbir şey yapmadım.
Virtually,
diğer üçünden daha güçlü
bir anlama sahiptir ve "gerçekten" anlamına da gelir.
The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. (But it wasn't a
real disaster.)
Bizim takımın yenilmesi
gerçekten bir felaketti.
She spent a lot of money on decorating her house, but it looks like virtually
nothing.
Evi gerçekten hiçbir şeye
benzemiyor.
Barely/hardly ve scarcely’nin
cümleye verdiği anlam ile almost/nearly
ve practically'nin yerdiği arılama dikkat ediniz.
"I barely/hardly/scarcely passed
the exam." cümlesi "Sınavı güçlükle/güçbeia geçebildim. Ancak bir
geçer not alabildim." anlamını verir. Ama güçlükle de olsa "pass" eylemi gerçekleşmiştir. Yani kişi sınavı geçmiştir.
"I almost/nearly/practically passed
the exam." cümlesi ise "Sınavı neredeyse geçiyordum. Geçmeme ramak
kalmıştı." anlamını verir. Oysa "pass"
eylemi
gerçekleşmemiştir. Yani kişi sınavdan kalmıştır.
Fairly,
quite, rather
Fairly,
quite ve rather,
bir sıfat ya da zarfı
niteleyebilir.
Rather,
"considerably" ile aynı anlama sahiptir ve "oldukça, bir hayli" demektir.
Rather daha çok expensive,
late, poor, ugly, sadly, unwisely, etc. gibi olumsuz bir özelliği ifade
It's rather cold today.
She behaved rather foolishly last night.
She was rather tense, so I advised her to take a
few days off.
Fairly,
daha çok olumlu bir
özellik ifade
She is fairly tall. (not very tall, moderately)
It's fairly warm today. (not hot, not colD)
I'm fairly tolerant with my son.
Quite, iki anlama sahip bir zarftır. Birinci
anlamı "fairly" ile
aynıdır ve "oldukça" demektir.
Quite da
fairly gibi, daha çok olumlu
bir özellik ifade
It's quite warm today. Let's
have a walk.
I try to
be quite understanding to him.
She managed to settle the row quite cleverly.
Quite, "tamlık,
bütünlük" ifade eden empty,
full, ready, sure, wrong, right, unique, alone, etc. gibi sıfatlarla ya da incredible,
unexpected, amazing, extraordinary, horrible, superb, marvellous, etc. gibi çok güçlü anlama sahip sıfatlarla
kullanıldığında "completely" anlamına gelir.
I'm not quite ready. (completely ready)
The suitcase is quite empty. (completely empty) (Valiz tamamen boş.)
You are quite right. (completely right)
Quite, bir fiili de niteleyebilir. Eğer
nitelediği fiil enjoy, like, want, wish gibi derecesini belirtebileceğimiz bir
fiil ise "quite" in anlamı "oldukça" dır. Ancak agree,
think, understand gibi
bütünlük ifade eden bir fiil ise "quite"
in buradaki anlamı
"completely"dir.
I quite liked
the film. (Filmi
oldukça beğendim.)
We quite enjoyed ourselves at the party. (Partide oldukça
eğlendik.)
I don't quite understand his excuse. (Onun mazeretini tam
olarak anlamadım.)
We haven't quite finished the book. (Kitabı tam olarak
bitirmedik.)
I quite agree with him. (Onunla tamamen aynı fikirdeyim.)
Rather da like,
enjoy, dislike, object gibi
fiilleri nitelemek için
"oldukça" anlamında kullanılır.
I rather object
to elementary school students being given too much homework.
She rather likes doing housework.
Sıfat tamlamalarında a/an "fairly"den önce kullanılır.
She is a fairly tall girl.
It is a fairly interesting
story.
A/an, "rather'dan önce ya da sonra
gelebilir.
This is a rather difficult
question/rather a difficult
question.
This is a rather noisy
place/rather a noisy place.
A/an,
"quite" dan sonra
gelir.
It was quite a nice holiday.
She was quite an
understanding person.
Our house is quite a long way
from here.
EXERCISE 3 : Choose the correct answer.
1-
If you are not ......... satisfied with the
product, you can return it for a full, refund.
A) extraordinarily
B)
slightly C) increasingly D)
decidedly E) entirely
2-
The problem of congestion is becoming ......... unbearable in
A) deeply B) fully C)
bitterly D)
unusually E) increasingly
3-
He was ......... hurt by her spiteful remarks.
A)
favourably B) highly C) perfectly D)
deeply E) fully
4-
With his long and well-prepared speech he
gave yesterday, our manager made our objectives for next year ......... clear.
A)
perfectly B) deeply C) enormously D) greatly E) bitterly
5-
The politician made a stirring speech, but
many people in the audience .........
doubted his sincerity.
A)
seriously B) practically C) exceptionally D) severely E) fatally
6-
Once you have learnt one foreign language,
learning a second is .........
easy.
A)
fully B)
comparatively C) deeply D)
excessively E) intensely
7-
When we have examined the situation .......... we will issue a
report.
A)
thoroughly B) decidedly C) tremendously D) increasingly E) relatively
8-
She produces some ......... intelligent
essays, but she needs to participate mere in class discussions.
A) badly B) bitterly C)
slightly D)
certainly E) exceedingly
9-
Several decisions by the referee during
the game in favour of one team revealed him to be ......... biased.
A)
reasonably B) barely C) bitterly D)
decidedly E) practically
10- I think
Bamby is ......... talented
and should be picked for the team.
A)
completely B) exceptionally C)
fully D)
badly E) barely
EXERCISE 4 : A) Match each adverb on the
left below with its synonym in the box.
1-
safely 6- incessantly
2- shyly 7-
precisely
3- widely 8-
adequately
4- essentially 9- daringly
5- skilfully 10- willingly
b) Choose the correct answer.
1.
The flowers on top of the wedding cake
were particularly ...........made. They looked almost real.
A)
incessantly B) skilfully C)
essentially D) voluntarily E)
shyly
2.
She doesn't get any extra wages, but she
became the company's health and safety officer ......... because she thought the training useful to
have.
A)
sufficiently B) widely C)
voluntarily D)
shyly E) precisely
3.
To be honest. I don't think my daughter is
......... talented
to win the first prize in the art competition.
A) shyly B) voluntarily C) adventurously D) sufficiently E) exactly
4.
While on holiday in
inflatable
raft.
A)
essentially B) widely C)
incessantly D) adequately E)
daringly
5.
His success as a speed skater is ......... due to his
speed and stamina.
A)
fundamentally B) willingly C) daringly D)
sufficiently E) timidly
EXERCISE
5 : A) Match each
adjective on the left below with its opposite in the box.
